工程硕士GCT考试英语第2讲：长难句分析

一、拆分英语长难句三原则

1. 并列转折原则

长难句由于句子较长，多表现为并列结构。可以破折号、分号、并列连词and或or、转折连词but、yet、while等为切入点，将各个长句断为分句。

2. 主句从句原则

各种从句的交替出现是长难句的显著特点之一，我们可以从各种从句的标志性引导词入手（定语从句的关系代词或副词who，whom，whose，which，that，as，when，where，while，how；名词性从句的关系代词或关系副词who，whom，which，what，that，whether，when，where，why，how等；状语从句的when，as，since，until，before，after，where，because，though，although，so that等）将各个分句断为主句和从句。

3. 短语成分原则

无论是主句还是从句，都是由词和短语构成的。其中，介词短语或者不定式短语由于充当定语或状语的枝叶成分而成为我们解决的重点。常见的介词有on, in, with, at, of, to, by等；而不定式短语的标志词是to（后接动词原形）。找出并暂时去掉介词短语或不定式短语能帮助我们迅速抓住句子的主干，而将其妥善还原，则有利于对句子的正确理解。

二、长难句举例

1、定语从句

（1）When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that inpidual different from others.

（2）And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

2、名词从句

（1）Responsible public officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative(积累的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the inpidual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime.

（2）Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animals species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict.

（3）It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact; if they are not looking , the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation.

3、状语从句

（1）And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.

（2）It sounds like “learning to drive a car”, that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once required, enable one to use a computer.

（3）A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.

（4）In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication.

4、分词作状语（非谓语动词）

（1）Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.

（2）Given the complexities, and ambiguities associated with satisfying many perse constituents, the executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.

5、分割结构

（1）A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly.

（2）Besides, the ability to read music notation（乐谱）has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.

（3）But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth.

（4）Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.